Is Vitamin D a Crucial Molecule for Musculoskeletal and Cardiovascular Systems in Postmenopausal Women?

Vitamin D, a steroid hormone, acts via the vitamin D receptor expressed in various tissues, including bones, muscles, and the cardiovascular system and is associated with well-being of individuals and vitamin D deficiency is considered as a prevalent public health problem. Menopause is an important cornerstone for women, where the hormonal changes may lead to adverse health effects. Vitamin D deficiency during menopausal transition or in postmenopausal period may aggravate the health risks such as osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and cardiovascular diseases associated with menopause. This manuscript aims to provide a review of the complex interaction between vitamin D deficiency and the well-being of postmenopausal women, focusing on musculoskeletal and cardiovascular implications. Clinical studies highlight the importance of maintaining optimal vitamin D levels to decrease the risk of musculoskeletal disorders and cardiovascular diseases in postmenopausal women. However, conflicting findings regarding the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in reducing cardiovascular risk suggest the need for further research and a personalized approach for the chemical form of Vitamin D, dose, duration of deficiency, individual variations, and accompanying conditions. The use of vitamin D supplementation in well-evaluated patients is desirable, and help to optimize health status in postmenopausal women.