Intra-aortic balloon pumping: concepts and patient care.

Definite indications for intra-aortic balloon support include cardiogenic shock (with or without complicating mechanical defects) following acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris refractory to medical therapy, and left ventricular failure following cardiopulmonary bypass. Balloon effectiveness is based upon diastolic augmentation and reduction of left ventricular pressures and work load, as well as an increase in coronary artery perfusion pressure. The highly skilled nursing management required by the patient with balloon assist is based upon the nursing process principles of assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation, combined with a thorough knowledge of cardiovascular and other integral systems and balloon function and physiology.