Secondary cicatricial and other permanent alopecias.

Various nonfollicular scalp conditions can cause secondary scarring or permanent alopecia. Possible causes are congenital defects, trauma, inflammatory conditions, infections, and neoplasms (rarely drugs). Associated signs and symptoms and other diagnostic procedures such as histopathology may aid in the diagnosis. Detection of the underlying disorder may be difficult in end-stage lesions. Treatment is specific for active conditions. Surgery and hair transplantation are options for localized scars.