Evaluating the immunomodulatory responses of LdODC-derived MHC Class-II restricted peptides against VL.

In a bid to develop a novel immunoprophylactic measure against visceral leishmaniasis (VL), MHC class-II-restricted epitopes of LdODC were identified by reverse vaccinology approach. Five consensus HLA-DRB1*0101-restricted epitopes were screened. The analysis revealed that the set of epitopes was presented by at least 54 diverse MHC class-II alleles. Based on in silico screening, followed by molecular dynamics simulation, population coverage analysis, and HLA cross-presentation ability, five best epitopes were evaluated. PBMCs isolated from treated VL subjects, when stimulated with synthetic peptide alone or as a cocktail of peptides, triggered a secretory IFN-γ, but not the IL-10 level. Support in this notion came from intracellular cytokine level with a considerable up-regulated IFN-γ produced by CD4+ T cells. Also, the enhanced IFN-γ seemed to be augmented with the activation of macrophages with prominent IL-12 production. Therefore, it can be concluded that the screened MHC class-II-restricted epitope hotspots derived from Leishmania ODC can trigger CD4+ T cells, which can skew macrophage functions towards protection. However, a detailed analysis can explore its potentiality as a vaccine candidate.