The Frequency, Risk Factors, and Management of Complications From Pleural Procedures.

Pleural disease is a common presentation and spans a heterogeneous population across broad disease entities; a common feature is the requirement for interventional procedures. Despite the frequency of such procedures, there is little consensus on rates of complications and risk factors associated with such complications. This narrative review was based on a structured search of the literature. Searches were limited to 2010 onward, in recognition of the transformation in procedural complications following the mainstream use of thoracic ultrasound. Procedures of interest were limited to thoracocentesis, intercostal drains, indwelling pleural catheters (IPCs), and local anesthetic thoracoscopy. A total of 4,308 studies were screened, and 48 studies were identified for inclusion. Iatrogenic pneumothorax remains the most common complication following thoracocentesis (3.3%; 95% CI, 3.2-3.4), although pneumothorax requiring intervention was rare (0.3%; 95% CI, 0.2-0.4) when the procedure was ultrasound guided. Drain blockage and displacement were the most common complications following intercostal drain insertion (6.3% and 6.8%, respectively). IPC-related infections can be a significant problem (5.8%; 95% CI, 5.1-6.7). However, most cases can be managed without removal of the IPC. Local anesthetic thoracoscopy has an overall mortality of 0.1% (95% CI, 0.03-0.3). Data on safety and complication rates in procedural interventions are limited by methodologic problems, and novel methods to study this topic should be considered. Although complications remain rare events, once encountered, they have the potential to rapidly escalate. It is of paramount importance for operators to prepare and have in place plans for such events to ensure high quality and, above all, safe care.