Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Membrane Vesicles (MVs) exhibit immunomodulatory and bactericidal effects against Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium.

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to an increase in multidrug-resistant bacteria, necessitating the search for effective alternative therapies to reduce antimicrobial use. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) have been explored as an alternative to antibiotics due to their multiple beneficial properties. These bacteria secrete membrane vesicles (MVs), key acellular components in combating pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MVs co-cultured with Escherichia coli (MVsplE) or Salmonella Typhimurium (MVsplS) through inhibition assays using disk diffusion on agar plates, as well as their activation and cytokine expression in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. The results showed that MVsplE and MVsplS were produced in greater quantity and size than non-co-cultured L. plantarum MVs (MVspl). Additionally, MVsplE and MVsplS exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the growth of enteropathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with these MVs demonstrated that the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-10 depended on the enteropathogenic strain with which L. plantarum was previously co-cultured. Following a challenge with enteropathogenic bacteria, the MVs induced an immunomodulatory response. These findings demonstrate that L. plantarum MVs exert bactericidal and immunomodulatory effects against enteropathogenic bacteria, suggesting their potential use as an alternative treatment to antimicrobials.