Therapeutic delivery · 2026
Naringenin microneedles as theranostics in the management of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Amarnani Ragini, Shende Pravin
Аннотация
AIM: To develop a noninvasive dissolvable theranostics microneedle patch for simultaneous localized treatment and diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis for reducing conventional systemic side effects.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Naringenin nanoparticles were synthesized via ionic gelation using chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate, subsequently freeze-dried, and dispersed in a PVA-PVP-K90 (polyvinyl alcohol-polyvinylpyrrolidone-K90) solution containing methyl orange dye before being cast into microneedle molds. A scanning electron microscope and dynamic light scattering were used to investigate the morphology, particle size, and zeta potential. Further, in-vitro and ex-vivo release studies were conducted, and in-vivo efficacy was utilized to monitor the change in the diameter of arthritic animal models.
RESULTS: The optimized nanoparticles demonstrated a hydrodynamic diameter of 414.9 ± 80.41 nm and an entrapment efficiency of 87.69 ± 2.45%. In-vitro release studies indicated effective, sustained naringenin release from the microneedle (DMN1), achieving 91.95 ± 3.96% over 24 h. However, the microneedles demonstrated excellent skin permeation, providing 83.77 ± 4.6% controlled drug release over 24 h ex-vivo. Animal studies revealed a significant reduction in paw diameter to 3.38 ± 0.3 mm, indicating naringenin's therapeutic efficacy.
CONCLUSIONS: The system enables controlled transdermal drug delivery and real-time visual pH monitoring, offering a prominent and painless theranostics platform for managing rheumatoid arthritis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Naringenin nanoparticles were synthesized via ionic gelation using chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate, subsequently freeze-dried, and dispersed in a PVA-PVP-K90 (polyvinyl alcohol-polyvinylpyrrolidone-K90) solution containing methyl orange dye before being cast into microneedle molds. A scanning electron microscope and dynamic light scattering were used to investigate the morphology, particle size, and zeta potential. Further, in-vitro and ex-vivo release studies were conducted, and in-vivo efficacy was utilized to monitor the change in the diameter of arthritic animal models.
RESULTS: The optimized nanoparticles demonstrated a hydrodynamic diameter of 414.9 ± 80.41 nm and an entrapment efficiency of 87.69 ± 2.45%. In-vitro release studies indicated effective, sustained naringenin release from the microneedle (DMN1), achieving 91.95 ± 3.96% over 24 h. However, the microneedles demonstrated excellent skin permeation, providing 83.77 ± 4.6% controlled drug release over 24 h ex-vivo. Animal studies revealed a significant reduction in paw diameter to 3.38 ± 0.3 mm, indicating naringenin's therapeutic efficacy.
CONCLUSIONS: The system enables controlled transdermal drug delivery and real-time visual pH monitoring, offering a prominent and painless theranostics platform for managing rheumatoid arthritis.