Expert review of vaccines · 2025
Understanding the role of COVID-19 vaccination in all-cause healthcare resource utilisation among adults with long COVID in the UK primary care setting: data from the 2022-2023 respiratory virus season.
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Rai Kiran K, Gowman Hannah, Harrison Cale S, Gruben David C, Butfield Rebecca, Hulme Rosie, Volkman Hannah R, Nguyen Jennifer L, Yang Jingyan
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: The role COVID-19 vaccination on healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) and cost remains unclear, especially during Omicron predominance and among high risk UK populations.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study using UK The Health Improvement Network (THIN) primary care data included adults (≥18 years) with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 between September 2022 and May 2023. Three cohorts were defined: Highest risk (eligible for two seasonal doses), High Risk (eligible for one dose), and All COVID-19 patients. Long COVID was identified as ≥1 symptom or diagnostic/referral code, ≥4 weeks post COVID-19 diagnosis. Inverse probability of treatment weighting assessed associations between vaccination status (yes/no and time since vaccination) and long COVID, HCRU, and costs.
RESULTS: In both Risk Cohorts, COVID-19 vaccination was not associated with long COVID incidence. However, in the High Risk (n = 1,889) and All Patients cohorts (n = 8,507) outpatient specialist referrals were significantly lower in the 3-6-month post-vaccination group versus > 6 months (rate ratio: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.10-0.79, p < 0.05 and 0.46; 95% CI: 0.27-0.79; p ≤ 0.01, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 vaccination was not consistently associated with incidence of long COVID or all-cause HCRU. Findings suggest potential subgroup-specific benefits, highlighting the importance of annual vaccination. Further research with larger sample size and longer-term follow-up is warranted.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study using UK The Health Improvement Network (THIN) primary care data included adults (≥18 years) with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 between September 2022 and May 2023. Three cohorts were defined: Highest risk (eligible for two seasonal doses), High Risk (eligible for one dose), and All COVID-19 patients. Long COVID was identified as ≥1 symptom or diagnostic/referral code, ≥4 weeks post COVID-19 diagnosis. Inverse probability of treatment weighting assessed associations between vaccination status (yes/no and time since vaccination) and long COVID, HCRU, and costs.
RESULTS: In both Risk Cohorts, COVID-19 vaccination was not associated with long COVID incidence. However, in the High Risk (n = 1,889) and All Patients cohorts (n = 8,507) outpatient specialist referrals were significantly lower in the 3-6-month post-vaccination group versus > 6 months (rate ratio: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.10-0.79, p < 0.05 and 0.46; 95% CI: 0.27-0.79; p ≤ 0.01, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 vaccination was not consistently associated with incidence of long COVID or all-cause HCRU. Findings suggest potential subgroup-specific benefits, highlighting the importance of annual vaccination. Further research with larger sample size and longer-term follow-up is warranted.