Benzodiazepine treatment of panic and agoraphobic symptoms: use, dependence, toxicity, abuse.

Benzodiazepines are widely prescribed drugs. Most patients are prescribed benzodiazepines for short periods of time for anxiolytic or hypnotic purposes. However, some benzodiazepines are also used for extended periods at high doses to treat panic and agoraphobic disorders. When chronically prescribed benzodiazepines are discontinued, a predictable pattern of discontinuance symptoms may develop, indicating physiological dependence. Benzodiazepines also produce a variety of side effects including sedation, reduced coordination, and impaired cognition, which are primarily related to dose and duration of treatment. Benzodiazepines are commonly used by polysubstance abusers but their abuse as recreational drugs when taken alone is rare, and high-dose treatment for panic and agoraphobic symptoms does not lead to abuse. Prescribing guidelines are offered.