Molecular characterization of gliadins of Chinese Spring wheat in relation to celiac disease elicitors.

The wheat seed storage proteins gliadin and glutenin are encoded by multigenes. Gliadins are further classified into α-, γ-, δ- and ω-gliadins. Genes encoding α-gliadins belong to a large multigene family, whose members are located on the homoeologous group 6 chromosomes at the Gli-2 loci. Genes encoding other gliadins are located on the homoeologous group 1 chromosomes at the Gli-1 loci. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE) was used to characterize and profile the gliadins. The gliadins in aneuploid Chinese Spring wheat lines were then compared in this study. Gliadin proteins separated into 70 spots after 2-DE and a total of 10, 10 and 16 spots were encoded on chromosomes 6A, 6B and 6D, respectively, which suggested that they were α-gliadins. Similarly, six, three and seven spots were encoded on chromosomes 1A, 1B and 1D, respectively, which indicated that they were γ-gliadins. Spots that could not be assigned to chromosomes were N-terminally sequenced and were all determined to be α-gliadins or γ-gliadins. The 2-DE profiles showed that specific α-gliadin spots assigned to chromosome 6D were lost in tetrasomic chromosome 2A lines. Furthermore, western blotting against the Glia-α9 peptide, an epitope for celiac disease (CD), suggested that α-gliadins harboring the CD epitope on chromosome 6D were absent in the tetrasomic chromosome 2A lines. Systematic analysis of α-gliadins using 2-DE, quantitative RT-PCR and genomic PCR revealed that tetrasomic 2A lines carry deletion of a chromosome segment at the Gli-D2 locus. This structural alteration at the Gli-D2 locus may provide a genetic resource in breeding programs for the reduction of CD immunotoxicity.