Advances in understanding and managing rosacea: part 2: the central role, evaluation, and medical management of diffuse and persistent facial erythema of rosacea.

In this article, the second part of a two-part series on rosacea, emphasis will be placed on persistent facial erythema. Despite variations in the intensity of visible redness, persistent facial erythema is a very common and consistent finding among patients with rosacea, including those with presentations classically defined as papulopustular rosacea, erythematotelangiectatic rosacea, and in many patients with phymatous rosacea. The underlying mechanisms of rosacea and their correlation with specific clinical features have been discussed in Part 1 and are referred to here where applicable. An overview of cutaneous vasculature, role of alpha-adrenoreceptors, and a discussion of available medical therapies and treatment selection are also presented, including emerging topical options for diffuse and persistent facial erythema of rosacea.