Physics and imaging in radiation oncology · 2026
Assessing the technical capability of a room- and a gantry-mounted kV imaging device for intra-fractional fluoroscopy during stereotactic lung radiotherapy at a C-arm linear accelerator.
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Jungreuthmayer Hannah, Knäusl Barbara, Arnold Julius, Buschmann Martin, Renner Andreas, Schmid Maximilian, Georg Dietmar, Lechner Wolfgang
Аннотация
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Monitoring lung tumors during stereotactic radiotherapy is important for managing breathing motion, yet the high-performance imaging modules on C-arm linear accelerators are mainly used for patient positioning. This study benchmarked a room-mounted against a gantry-mounted kilovolt (kV) imaging device to assess their potential for lung tumor fluoroscopy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The investigated systems were the ExacTrac Dynamic (ETD, Brainlab, Germany) and the X-ray Volumetric Imaging (XVI, Elekta, Sweden). Contrast-to-Noise Ratio (CNR) and entrance air kerma were measured for different imaging settings - tube voltage (70 kV to 130 kV), current (10 mA to 320 mA), exposure time (100 ms and 40 ms) - using two anthropomorphic thorax phantoms housing three tumors. Additionally, CNR change as a function of time, achievable fluoroscopy imaging duration based on X-ray generator and anode heat and X-ray tube cool-down were evaluated.
RESULTS: CNRs agreed within 15% for the two systems and changed less than 2% over the investigated fluoroscopy durations. Using default imaging settings and considering the average clinical duration of stereotactic lung treatments, entrance air kermas were 44 mGy (room-mounted) and 41 mGy (gantry-mounted). Achievable fluoroscopy durations with default settings were 87 s and 1350 s, respectively. Anode cool-down times were 125 min (room-mounted) and 215 min (gantry-mounted).
CONCLUSION: The performance metrics of the room-mounted imaging system aligned with those of the gantry-mounted device with regard to CNR and air kerma. The room-mounted system showed a preferable cool-down behavior. However, adaptation of imaging settings is necessary to increase the fluoroscopy duration and avoid overheating.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The investigated systems were the ExacTrac Dynamic (ETD, Brainlab, Germany) and the X-ray Volumetric Imaging (XVI, Elekta, Sweden). Contrast-to-Noise Ratio (CNR) and entrance air kerma were measured for different imaging settings - tube voltage (70 kV to 130 kV), current (10 mA to 320 mA), exposure time (100 ms and 40 ms) - using two anthropomorphic thorax phantoms housing three tumors. Additionally, CNR change as a function of time, achievable fluoroscopy imaging duration based on X-ray generator and anode heat and X-ray tube cool-down were evaluated.
RESULTS: CNRs agreed within 15% for the two systems and changed less than 2% over the investigated fluoroscopy durations. Using default imaging settings and considering the average clinical duration of stereotactic lung treatments, entrance air kermas were 44 mGy (room-mounted) and 41 mGy (gantry-mounted). Achievable fluoroscopy durations with default settings were 87 s and 1350 s, respectively. Anode cool-down times were 125 min (room-mounted) and 215 min (gantry-mounted).
CONCLUSION: The performance metrics of the room-mounted imaging system aligned with those of the gantry-mounted device with regard to CNR and air kerma. The room-mounted system showed a preferable cool-down behavior. However, adaptation of imaging settings is necessary to increase the fluoroscopy duration and avoid overheating.