Review: Trends in feed technology and feed additives for a sustainable and resilient livestock production.

Achieving sustainable and resilient livestock production depends on continued innovation in feed technology and feed additives. Automation, robotics, predictive modelling of effects, machine learning, encapsulation of nutrients and feed additives, precision nutrition, synbiotics, postbiotics and precision biotics are trending in the feed industry, although many are still in early stages of development. A deeper understanding is needed on how the nutritional composition of the feed influences the complex metabolic interactions, digestibility and performance of the host. These insights will allow a more precise feed formulation, improving feed efficiency, animal health and welfare, while reducing emissions and environmental impact of livestock production. This manuscript compiles trends and future perspectives in feed technology and feed additives that will contribute to more sustainable and resilient livestock production systems. Furthermore, the aim of this review article was to identify gaps in research in both areas in order to accelerate the introduction of promising innovations.