Tau protein aggregation: A therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases.

Tau protein, a critical element for neuronal structure, becomes pathogenic in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. Under normal conditions, tau stabilizes microtubules and supports essential cellular transport systems. However, in disease states, tau undergoes abnormal modifications-most notably hyperphosphorylation-causing it to detach from microtubules and aggregate into neurofibrillary tangles. These aggregates disrupt neuronal function, leading to progressive cognitive and motor deficits. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of tau's structural properties, normal cellular roles, and the cascade of pathological changes that transform it into a neurotoxic agent. We examine current therapeutic strategies targeting tau, including efforts to inhibit its phosphorylation, prevent aggregation, and enhance its clearance from cells. Approaches such as kinase inhibitors, immunotherapies, and gene-based therapies are discussed in the context of their potential to halt or slow disease progression. Additionally, recent advancements in diagnostic tools-such as tau-specific PET imaging and blood biomarkers-are highlighted as transformative for early detection of the disease .