Pulmonary fungal infection with yeasts and pneumocystis in patients with hematological malignancy.

Invasive fungal infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with hematological malignancies, and in particular fungal pneumonia is the main clinical manifestation in this category of patients. The fungal agents responsible for this complication are various, but Aspergillus spp. and other molds such as Zygomycetes or Fusarium spp. represent the most frequently isolated micro-organisms. Less commonly, pneumonia could be due to other 'no-molds' fungal agents such as Candida spp, Cryptococcus spp, or Pneumocystis jirovecii . This review mainly focuses on practical aspects relevant to epidemiology, diagnosis and therapeutic management of the rare cases of pneumonia due to no-molds agents in patients affected by hematological malignancies.