Nanotheranostics for alcohol-related liver disease: advances in precision diagnosis and targeted therapy.

Alcohol-related liver disease remains a major and growing global health concern, with limited diagnostic and therapeutic options, particularly in advanced stages. Conventional diagnostic methods, including serum biomarkers, imaging and biopsy, often lack the sensitivity, specificity or practicality required for early detection and monitoring. Nanotheranostic platforms offer both targeted drug delivery and real-time assessment of disease activity. Organic, inorganic, polymeric and hybrid nanoparticles are being developed to improve the bioavailability and hepatic targeting of antioxidant, antifibrotic and RNA-based therapies. The use of novel nanodiagnostic probes and exosome-based assays enables the detection of early molecular alterations. However, delivery barriers and potential hepatotoxicity remain key translational challenges.