Lipoprotein(a) - From Biomarker to Therapy: A Review for the Clinician.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the predominant cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Amid rising CVD rates, Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] has been recognized as a critical biomarker identifying individuals at an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and calcific aortic valve stenosis (AS), independent of traditional risk factors. Lp(a) is a lipoprotein variant similar to LDL but includes apolipoprotein(a), which influences its pathogenic potential. Elevated Lp(a) levels are genetically determined and have been implicated in promoting vascular inflammation, atherogenesis, enhanced calcification, and thrombosis. Emerging antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)- and small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNAs)- based therapies have been shown to lower Lp(a) concentrations, with ongoing trials underway to determine whether they reduce the risk of CVD. While guidelines on screening and management continue to evolve, the advent of specific Lp(a)-lowering therapies may transform CVD prevention and treatment. This review aims to consolidate the current knowledge on Lp(a) from its biological functions to its implications for clinical practice, focusing on its role as a biomarker and potential therapeutic target.