Associations among self-reported oral health and intrinsic capacity domains in U.S. older adults: analysis from NHANES 2009-2014.

OBJECTIVE

The World Health Organization suggested a framework for intrinsic capacity (IC), a construct central to healthy aging, emphasizing five domains: cognition, vitality, locomotion, sensory function, and psychological well-being. Although oral health may influence these domains, it remains underexplored within the IC model. The present study was the first to comprehensively examine the associations among self-reported oral health and IC domains.

METHODS

We analyzed data from 845 adults aged ≥ 60 years from the 2009-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), representing approximately 9.10 million non-institutionalized U.S. individuals aged ≥ 60 years. Self-reported oral health indicators included symptoms, treatment history, and hygiene behaviors. IC domains were approximated using conceptually aligned variables available in NHANES.

RESULTS

Perceived gum disease and reported bone loss were inversely associated with unintentional weight loss (vitality) [odds ratio (OR) = 0.54; 95% confidence interval (CI):0.30-0.96 and OR = 0.56; 95%CI:0.35-0.90, respectively]. Regular flossing and visible tooth abnormalities were linked to lower (OR = 0.59; 95% CI:0.35-0.98) and increased risk of impaired locomotion (OR = 2.38; 95% CI:1.19-4.76), respectively. Reporting teeth becoming loose without injury, visible tooth abnormalities, and regular flossing were associated with cognitive impairment, but not in fully-adjusted models. No significant associations were observed for mouthwash use or having ever received treatment for gum disease.

CONCLUSION

Self-reported oral health indicators were associated with several IC domains in older adults.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These findings highlighted oral health as a relevant factor in functional aging and supported its inclusion in comprehensive assessments aimed at promoting autonomy and well-being in later life.