The role of angiogenesis in malignant pleural effusion: from basic research to clinical application.

Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is associated with advanced stages of various malignant diseases, especially lung cancer, and is a poor prognostic indicator in these patients. However, the management of MPE remains palliative. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of MPE may lead to the development of new and more effective therapeutic options. Here, we shed light on recent advances in the mechanisms of MPE formation and provide an overview of current targeted therapies for the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway. We also retrospectively enrolled 19 patients with lung adenocarcinoma from the West China Hospital to analyze the efficacy of bevacizumab for MPE using different routes of administration.