European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology · 2025
Mediating effects of menstruation/menopause on the association between the COVID-19 pandemic related post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and loneliness in Japanese female workers: A cross-sectional study.
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Hirokawa Kumi, Noda Tetsuro, Tokunaga Kyoko
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated the effect of menstruation/menopause symptoms on the association between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms related the COVID-19 pandemic and loneliness in Japanese female workers.
STUDY DESIGN: A web survey of 530 female workers (303 pre-menopausal and 217 post-menopausal women) was conducted in February 2023, in Japan. The Japanese version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised was used to evaluate PTSD symptoms. Symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) were investigated in 263 pre-menopausal women (mean age = 37.0 years, SD = 8.9) and 203 post-menopausal women (mean age = 57.1 years, SD = 9 0.6) were asked about menopausal symptoms.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The Japanese version of the three-item loneliness scale.
RESULTS: The pre-menopausal women scored higher in loneliness than the post-menopausal women. However, after adjusting for age, this significant difference was attenuated. Results of multiple regression analyses showed that PMS symptoms were positively associated with loneliness in the pre-menopausal women. In comparison, both PTSD symptoms and menopause symptoms were positively associated with loneliness in post-menopausal women. There was no interaction between PMS/menopausal symptoms and PTSD symptoms in loneliness scores. The indirect effect of PMS symptoms, particularly the psychological symptoms, was associated with PTSD symptoms and loneliness in pre-menopausal women. In addition, there was a significant indirect effect of menopausal symptoms in the post-menopausal women.
CONCLUSIONS: When female workers were subjected to COVID-19 pandemic-related psychological stress, their menstrual and menopausal symptoms would lead to intensified loneliness, especially in pre-menopausal women.
STUDY DESIGN: A web survey of 530 female workers (303 pre-menopausal and 217 post-menopausal women) was conducted in February 2023, in Japan. The Japanese version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised was used to evaluate PTSD symptoms. Symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) were investigated in 263 pre-menopausal women (mean age = 37.0 years, SD = 8.9) and 203 post-menopausal women (mean age = 57.1 years, SD = 9 0.6) were asked about menopausal symptoms.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The Japanese version of the three-item loneliness scale.
RESULTS: The pre-menopausal women scored higher in loneliness than the post-menopausal women. However, after adjusting for age, this significant difference was attenuated. Results of multiple regression analyses showed that PMS symptoms were positively associated with loneliness in the pre-menopausal women. In comparison, both PTSD symptoms and menopause symptoms were positively associated with loneliness in post-menopausal women. There was no interaction between PMS/menopausal symptoms and PTSD symptoms in loneliness scores. The indirect effect of PMS symptoms, particularly the psychological symptoms, was associated with PTSD symptoms and loneliness in pre-menopausal women. In addition, there was a significant indirect effect of menopausal symptoms in the post-menopausal women.
CONCLUSIONS: When female workers were subjected to COVID-19 pandemic-related psychological stress, their menstrual and menopausal symptoms would lead to intensified loneliness, especially in pre-menopausal women.