The psychological treatment of depression. Evidence for the efficacy of psychotherapy alone, in comparison with, and in combination with pharmacotherapy.

Seventeen clinical trials are identified that test the efficacy of various psychological treatments (behavioral, cognitive, group, marital, interpersonal) alone, in comparison with, and in combination with pharmacotherapy in homogeneous samples of depressed outpatients. I describe the results of these studies, gaps in the evidence, and suggestions for future research directions.