The molecular basis of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency: modelling the human enzyme and the effects of mutations.

Human ornithine transcarbamylase is a trimer with 46% amino acid sequence homology to the catalytic subunit of E coli aspartate transcarbamylase. Secondary structure predictions, distributions of hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, and the pattern of conserved residues suggest that the three dimensional structures of the two proteins are likely to be similar. A three dimensional model of ornithine transcarbamylase was generated from the crystal structure of the catalytic subunit of E coli aspartate transcarbamylase in the holoenzyme, by aligning the sequences, building in gaps, and minimising the energy. The binding sites for carbamyl phosphate in both enzymes are similar and the ornithine binding site in ornithine transcarbamylase appears to be in the same location as the L-aspartate binding site in aspartate transcarbamylase, with negatively charged side chains replaced by positively charged residues. Mutations in the ornithine transcarbamylase gene found in patients with hyperammonaemia of the "neonatal type" are clustered in important structural or functional domains, either in the interior of the protein, at the active site, or at the interchain interface, while mutations found in patients with milder "late onset" disease are located primarily on the surface of the protein. The predicted effects of all known missense mutations and in frame deletions in the ornithine transcarbamylase gene on the structure and function of the mature enzyme are described.