Direct vertical transmission of ESBL/pAmpC-producing Escherichia coli limited in poultry production pyramid.

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmidic AmpC (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli are found in the poultry production even without antibiotic use. The spread of these bacteria has been suggested to occur via imported parent birds, enabling transmission to production level broilers vertically via eggs. We studied transmission of ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli and E. coli without antibiotic selection by sampling imported parent birds (n = 450), egg surfaces prior to and after the incubation period (n = 300 and n = 428, respectively) and the laying house environment (n = 20). Samples were additionally taken from embryos (n = 422). To study the prevention of transmission, a competitive exclusion (CE) solution was added onto freshly laid eggs prior to incubation period (n = 150). Results showed carriage of ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli in parent birds (26.7%), the environment (5%) and egg surfaces before the incubation period (1.3%), but not from egg surfaces or embryos after the incubation period. Whole genome sequencing revealed ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli isolates belonging to clonal lineages ST429 and ST2040. However, the finding of E. coli cultured without antibiotic selection in two (2.2%) embryos strengthens the need to study E. coli transmission in poultry production in more depth. Since ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli seem not to persist on egg surfaces, there is no need to use CE solution ex ovo as a prevention method. The results indicate that other routes, such as for example transmission through fomites or horizontal gene transfer by other bacterial species, could be more important than vertical transmission in the spread of resistance in broiler production.