Sampling of the Respiratory Tract to Optimize Diagnosis of Pneumonia.

Pneumonia is a common and potentially severe condition characterized by infection of the lung parenchyma, involving the alveoli. Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, and/or fungi, and it is often diagnosed clinically based on symptoms, evidence of lung dysfunction, and imaging findings. This article outlines the clinically available methods for sampling the respiratory tract, evaluating each technique's advantages, limitations, and optimal applications. We conclude with a discussion of emerging diagnostic methods, focusing on novel noninvasive lower respiratory tract sampling research techniques that show promise for future clinical implementation.