Ecological Drivers of Plasmid-Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance in Aquaculture.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global challenge that compromises the effectiveness of disease control and increases risks for both human and animal health. Aquaculture systems are particularly vulnerable, as extensive and often inappropriate antimicrobial use has driven the emergence and persistence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. This mini-review summarizes the ecological and genetic mechanisms underlying AMR in aquaculture, with emphasis on plasmid-mediated resistance and its role in horizontal gene transfer. It also addresses the broader environmental and public health implications of these processes and calls for sustainable management, enhanced surveillance, and coordinated international policies to curb resistance dissemination and safeguard global food security.