A delayed HIV infection model with apoptosis and viral loss.

In this paper, a delayed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) model with apoptosis of cells has been studied. Both immunological and intracellular delay have been incorporated to make the model more relevant. Firstly, the model has been investigated using local stability analysis. Next, the global stability analysis of steady states has been performed. The stability switch criteria taking the delay as the bifurcating parameter, leading to Hopf bifurcation has been studied. The transition of the system from order to chaos has been explored, and the analytical results have been verified by numerical simulations. The results thus can be used to describe the extensive dynamics exhibited by the model introduced in this article. The effects of apoptosis on viral load has been studied in the model numerically.