Strategies to reduce toxicities and improve outcomes in renal transplant recipients.

Ongoing improvements in immunosuppression and posttransplantation care have dramatically improved patient and graft outcomes after transplantation. The frequency of graft loss due to acute rejection has declined considerably as a result of the availability of a variety of more potent immunosuppressive agents and probably also because of refined clinical care and follow-up. Complications of long-term administration of corticosteroids (steroids) and calcineurin inhibitors, however, have become increasingly apparent as patients live longer with their transplant, and attention is shifting to long-term issues. Use of both steroids and calcineurin inhibitors is associated with metabolic toxicities such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, bone loss, and cataracts. These contribute to posttransplantation morbidity and may negatively affect patient and allograft survival. A variety of troublesome cosmetic side effects, such as hirsutism, gingival hyperplasia, alopecia, obesity, and cushingoid appearance, also are associated with these drugs. These effects can detract from patient self-esteem and compliance with the immunosuppressive regimen. In the past 2 decades, the introduction of second-generation immunosuppressive drugs, such as tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, sirolimus, and anti-interleukin-2 receptor monoclonal antibodies, has provided some alternatives to classic immunosuppressant choices. Patients experiencing undesirable adverse events now can be converted to another immunosuppressive regimen that ultimately will improve graft and patient survival rates and improve quality of life after transplantation.