[Treatment approach for relapse of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation].

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive peripheral T-cell lymphoma with a dismal prognosis. Its most effective treatment is allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), which provides a chance of long-term remission through a graft-versus-ATLL (GvATLL) effect. However, the incidence of relapse after allo-HSCT remains high at approximately 40%, and treatment options for patients with ATLL who have relapsed disease after allo-HSCT are limited. Accumulating evidence shows that mogamulizumab or lenalidomide use for relapsed disease even after allo-HSCT might have advantages with effects similar to that of GvATLL. Recent genomic and transcriptomic studies have shown that ATLL cells evade immune surveillance. Further investigations of incorporating immune-based approaches with new molecular target drugs as therapeutic options of patients with ATLL after transplantation are warranted.