Journal of affective disorders · 2015
Trajectories of smoking behavior as a function of mood and satisfaction with life: What matters most?
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Haller Chiara S
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Worldwide, tobacco use causes more than 5 million deaths per year. The present study investigated possible preventative factors of nicotine dependence, such as mood and Satisfaction With Life (SWL).
METHODS: Longitudinal Internet survey of 1957 individuals assessed three times at a two week interval (2007-2010).
OUTCOME MEASURES: Cigarette Dependence Scale (CDS), feeling prisoner to cigarettes, smoking cessation, reduction, and relapse.
PREDICTORS: Time (i.e. trajectory of dependence over time), smoking status (daily, occasional or ex-smoker), mood, and SWL. All measures were assessed at each time point.
RESULTS: Both SWL, and mood, respectively were significantly associated with dependence (slopeSWL=-0.03, slopeSWL=-0.11, ps<0.001). With respect to feeling prisoner to cigarettes, mood but not SWL showed a significant association (slopeSWL=-0.14, p<0.001). Occasional, and ex-smokers showed significantly greater decrease in psychological dependence, as mood increased, than daily smokers (slopeoccasional=-0.28, poccasional=0.011; slopeex=-0.27, pex<0.001). Smoking cessation decreased over time, and both mood, as well as SWL had a significant impact on cessation (ORmood=1.43, pmood<0.01, ORSWL=1.15, pSWL=0.042). Reduction in smoking was predicted by SWL only (ORSWL=1.21, p=0.043), whereas relapse was predicted by mood only (ORmood=0.55, p<0.01).
LIMITATIONS: The participants were self-selected. Possible confounding relationships (e.g., medication) have to be further assessed.
CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette dependence, feeling prisoner to cigarettes, cessation, and reduction are significantly influenced by both mood and SWL. Treatments may thus tackle mood regulation, SWL, and nicotine dependence in tandem.
METHODS: Longitudinal Internet survey of 1957 individuals assessed three times at a two week interval (2007-2010).
OUTCOME MEASURES: Cigarette Dependence Scale (CDS), feeling prisoner to cigarettes, smoking cessation, reduction, and relapse.
PREDICTORS: Time (i.e. trajectory of dependence over time), smoking status (daily, occasional or ex-smoker), mood, and SWL. All measures were assessed at each time point.
RESULTS: Both SWL, and mood, respectively were significantly associated with dependence (slopeSWL=-0.03, slopeSWL=-0.11, ps<0.001). With respect to feeling prisoner to cigarettes, mood but not SWL showed a significant association (slopeSWL=-0.14, p<0.001). Occasional, and ex-smokers showed significantly greater decrease in psychological dependence, as mood increased, than daily smokers (slopeoccasional=-0.28, poccasional=0.011; slopeex=-0.27, pex<0.001). Smoking cessation decreased over time, and both mood, as well as SWL had a significant impact on cessation (ORmood=1.43, pmood<0.01, ORSWL=1.15, pSWL=0.042). Reduction in smoking was predicted by SWL only (ORSWL=1.21, p=0.043), whereas relapse was predicted by mood only (ORmood=0.55, p<0.01).
LIMITATIONS: The participants were self-selected. Possible confounding relationships (e.g., medication) have to be further assessed.
CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette dependence, feeling prisoner to cigarettes, cessation, and reduction are significantly influenced by both mood and SWL. Treatments may thus tackle mood regulation, SWL, and nicotine dependence in tandem.