Multiple Signaling Axes (TNF-α/IL1β/IL8, TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB, and TGF-β1/ROS) Associated With Coronary Collateral Circulation of Coronary Chronic Total Occlusion in Geriatric Patients.

The multiple signaling axes might be concerned with the poor coronary collateral circulation (CCC). This research aimed to investigate the relationship between the poor CCC and multiple signaling axes (tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]/interleukin-1β [IL1β]/IL8 pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling axis, toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor 88/nuclear factor kappa-B [TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB] immune-inflammatory signaling axis, and transforming growth factor-β1/reactive oxygen species [TGF-β1/ROS] oxidative stress-inflammatory signaling axis) in geriatric patients with coronary chronic total occlusion (CCTO). We simultaneously assessed the expressions of multiple signaling axis markers (TNF-α, IL1β, IL8, TLR4, MYD88, NF-κB, TGF-β1, and ROS) in geriatric patients with CCTO. The CCC was scored as follows: Grade 0 (without contrast filling), Grade 1 (filling of collateral vessels with no epicardial filling), Grade 2 (partial filling of epicardial arteries), and Grade 3 (fully filling of the epicardial arteries). The CCC Grade 2 group in patients with CCTO showed decreased TNF-α, IL1β, IL8, TLR4, MYD88, NF-κB, TGF-β1, and ROS compared with CCC Grade 1 group (p < 0.002), and the CCC Grade 1 group had lower levels of these markers than CCC Grade 0 group (p < 0.002). In conclusion, our findings may support the causative roles for the pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling axis (TNF-α/IL1β/IL8), immune-inflammatory signaling axis (TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB), and oxidative stress-inflammatory signaling axis (TGF-β1/ROS) in impairing CCC and poor formation of CCC in geriatric CCTO patients.