The role of advanced molecular diagnostics in informing targeted therapies for AML.

The application of advanced molecular diagnostics has transformed the clinical management of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a heterogeneous disease characterized by a diverse genomic landscape. Comprehensive molecular profiling is now central to diagnosis, risk stratification, therapeutic decision-making and disease monitoring. While conventional diagnostic approaches including karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) remain essential, advances in next-generation sequencing have enabled the rapid and broad identification of recurrent genomic alterations, many of which are now directly targetable. These developments have accelerated the integration of genotype-directed treatment strategies into routine clinical practice. Expansion sequencing capabilities, including whole-exome and whole-genome approaches is further enhancing the detection of clinically relevant alterations, refining disease classification and offers the possibility of a single diagnostic platform that can detect all relevant alterations. At the same time, increasingly sensitive molecular techniques for measurable residual disease (MRD) assessment are providing new opportunities to dynamically evaluate treatment response and guide post-remission strategies. The growing volume and complexity of molecular data present ongoing challenges in interpretation, necessitating careful integration with clinical context and continued validation in prospective studies. Collectively, advances in molecular diagnostics are reshaping AML management to promote an adaptive, precision-based approach aimed at improving patient outcomes.