Journal of equine veterinary science · 2026
Effects of rectal examination on intraocular pressure and behavioral responses in pregnant and non-pregnant mares.
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Çortu A, Çınar H
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Rectal examination is routine in equine reproduction but may trigger acute stress affecting welfare and safety. Intraocular pressure (IOP) responds rapidly to autonomic changes and may capture short-lived stress responses.
AIMS/OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether rectal examination acutely affects IOP and behavioral responses in mares, and whether reactions differ by reproductive status.
METHODS: Twenty Rahvan mares (10 pregnant, 30-40 days' gestation; 10 non-pregnant; 4-7 years) underwent transrectal examination without sedation. IOP was measured bilaterally at six time points: 2 min pre-exam (T1), during (T2), and 1, 5, 10, 15 min post-exam (T3-T6) using rebound tonometry. Behavior at T2 was scored 1-5. Linear mixed-effects models analyzed IOP; ordinal mixed models analyzed behavior. ΔIOP (T2-T1) correlation with behavior was assessed via Spearman's ρ.
RESULTS: Pregnant mares showed higher behavioral resistance than non-pregnant mares (median 4 [IQR 3-4] vs 2 [2-3]; OR = 3.8, 95% CI 1.6-9.2; p = 0.003). IOP rose during examination in both groups, more in pregnant mares (mean increase from baseline +4.2 mmHg) than in non-pregnant mares (+1.3 mmHg), resulting in higher IOP at T2 (34.8 ± 2.1 vs 31.6 ± 1.7 mmHg; p < 0.001), remained higher at T3, and returned to baseline by T4-T6. ΔIOP correlated positively with behavioral score (Spearman's ρ = 0.62; p = 0.004). Area under the IOP-time curve did not differ (p = 0.348).
CONCLUSION: Rectal examination elicited transient IOP elevations and behavioral resistance, more pronounced in pregnant mares. IOP is a rapid, sensitive adjunct for welfare assessment, emphasizing handling during reproductive procedures.
AIMS/OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether rectal examination acutely affects IOP and behavioral responses in mares, and whether reactions differ by reproductive status.
METHODS: Twenty Rahvan mares (10 pregnant, 30-40 days' gestation; 10 non-pregnant; 4-7 years) underwent transrectal examination without sedation. IOP was measured bilaterally at six time points: 2 min pre-exam (T1), during (T2), and 1, 5, 10, 15 min post-exam (T3-T6) using rebound tonometry. Behavior at T2 was scored 1-5. Linear mixed-effects models analyzed IOP; ordinal mixed models analyzed behavior. ΔIOP (T2-T1) correlation with behavior was assessed via Spearman's ρ.
RESULTS: Pregnant mares showed higher behavioral resistance than non-pregnant mares (median 4 [IQR 3-4] vs 2 [2-3]; OR = 3.8, 95% CI 1.6-9.2; p = 0.003). IOP rose during examination in both groups, more in pregnant mares (mean increase from baseline +4.2 mmHg) than in non-pregnant mares (+1.3 mmHg), resulting in higher IOP at T2 (34.8 ± 2.1 vs 31.6 ± 1.7 mmHg; p < 0.001), remained higher at T3, and returned to baseline by T4-T6. ΔIOP correlated positively with behavioral score (Spearman's ρ = 0.62; p = 0.004). Area under the IOP-time curve did not differ (p = 0.348).
CONCLUSION: Rectal examination elicited transient IOP elevations and behavioral resistance, more pronounced in pregnant mares. IOP is a rapid, sensitive adjunct for welfare assessment, emphasizing handling during reproductive procedures.