A green and practical quadratic Box-Behnken design reverse micelle-assisted supramolecular solvent-based microextraction approach for the simultaneous determination of Cd and Pb in foodstuffs and cosmetics.

The aim of this study is to provide a simple and environmentally friendly approach for the preconcentration and determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions in complex matrices. A green and practical reverse micelle-assisted supramolecular solvent-based microextraction method was developed for the simultaneous determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II) in foodstuffs and cosmetics. Key experimental variables affecting extraction efficiency were optimized using Box-Behnken design. Under optimum conditions, the method showed good linearity in the ranges of 0.09-100 ng mL-1 for Cd(II) and 0.4-250 ng mL-1 for Pb(II). The limits of detection were 0.03 ng mL-1 for Cd(II) and 0.1 ng mL-1 for Pb(II), while the preconcentration factor was 100. Relative standard deviation values were below 2%. The method was successfully validated using certified reference materials and applied to real samples, demonstrating its reliability, applicability, and suitability for routine trace metal analysis.