Introduction
Systemic light-chain AL amyloidosis is a rare clonal plasma cell disorder characterized by overproduction of immunoglobulin light chains by clonal bone marrow plasma cells that misfold and form soluble toxic aggregates. These aggregates deposit as amyloid fibrils in multiple organs, causing organ dysfunction, organ failure, and ultimately death [ 1 ]. Despite the development of novel sensitive biomarkers and advanced imaging technologies for amyloidosis detection, diagnosis is often delayed for more than a year due to nonspecific symptoms, which is a major reason why patients begin treatment at an advanced stage [ 2 ]. Although treatment heavily borrows from multiple myeloma (MM), patients with AL amyloidosis are often unable to tolerate therapies because of comorbid cardiac, renal, and/or neurological dysfunction. Additionally, as the primary goal of therapy is to prevent further organ damage through rapid and deep suppression of light-chain producing plasma cells, identifying the most effective yet safe treatment strategy is crucial. As cardiac involvement is the major determinant of disease severity, it is incorporated into both staging systems and response criteria to better predict short- and long-term outcomes.
Daratumumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets CD38 on the surface of plasma cells. The efficacy of daratumumab for newly diagnosed AL amyloidosis has been demonstrated in the ANDROMEDA trial [ 3 ], leading to its approval by both the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency. As daratumumab itself rarely induces cardiac adverse events (AEs) [ 4 ], monotherapy can be readily used in the relapsed setting. Further, its efficacy and safety in relapsed disease states has been validated in two phase II trials [ 5 , 6 ] and several retrospective studies [ 7 – 10 ]. We conducted this single-center retrospective analysis to contribute to the growing body of real-world evidence on daratumumab efficacy.
Materials and methods
Patients
Since 2012, we have used a multidisciplinary team approach and conducted a prospective cohort study on AL amyloidosis. Among these patients, those with AL amyloidosis who received daratumumab monotherapy for relapsed disease and had measurable light chain disease were included in the analysis. Patients with bone marrow plasma cells that exceeded 60% were excluded. Clinicopathological variables, including age, sex, cytogenetics, stage, prior treatment, hematologic and cardiac responses to daratumumab monotherapy, and survival were collected and analyzed. Disease stages were categorized according to the Mayo 2012 (Mayo 2012 stage) [ 11 ], Mayo 2004 with European modification (Euro stage) [ 12 ], and the Renal stage [ 13 ]. Daratumumab monotherapy was administered either intravenously (16 mg/kg) or subcutaneously (1,800 mg) depending on patient circumstances, in accordance with a standard treatment schedule (weekly for 8 doses → every 2 weeks for 8 doses → every 4 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity). All patients were administered oral acyclovir for the prevention of herpes zoster reactivation and oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for pneumocystis reactivation.
Statistical analysis
The primary objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of daratumumab monotherapy in patients with relapsed AL amyloidosis. Hematologic [ 14 ] and cardiac [ 15 ] responses were assessed according to relevant criteria. Subgroup comparisons were performed using Pearson’s χ 2 tests. Duration of response was calculated from the date of response achievement to the date of loss of response. Progression-free survival (PFS) was calculated from the date of the first administration of daratumumab to the date of hematologic progression in disease or death by any cause. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the date of the first administration of daratumumab to the date of death by any cause. These parameters were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and subgroup comparisons were carried out using log-rank test. AEs were graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 5.0. For all statistical analyses, p values < 0.05 were considered significant, and all analyses were performed using IBM SPSS (version 21.0; IBM Corp., USA).
Ethical considerations
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution and/or national research committee, and in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines or comparable ethical standards. The current study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Samsung Medical Center (IRB 2012–08–059). All authors declare no competing interests.
Results
Patient characteristics
A total of 40 patients who had been treated with daratumumab monotherapy between 2018 and 2025 were included. In the cohort, 24 patients (60%) were male, and 29 (72.5%) had lambda light-chain disease. Among the 28 patients in whom t(11;14) status was assessed, 6 (21.4%) tested positive. Among the 32 patients in whom gain(1q) status was assessed, 5 (15.6%) tested positive. Before administration of daratumumab monotherapy, patients had received a median of 3 (range, 1–6) prior lines of therapy including treatment with bortezomib (97.5%, 39/40), lenalidomide (75.0%, 30/40), pomalidomide (42.5%, 17/40), cyclophosphamide (37.5%, 15/40), and melphalan (32.5%, 13/40). None of the patients had been administered prior daratumumab treatment. Twelve patients (30%) had received prior autologous stem cell transplantation.
At the time of daratumumab initiation, the median age of patients was 67 years (range, 48–83), and the therapy was started a median of 42.3 months (95% confidence interval (CI), 26.2–58.4) after the initial diagnosis of AL amyloidosis. A total of 31 patients (77.5%) were classified as stage III/IV using the Mayo stage classification guidelines and 32 patients (80%) were classified as stage IIIa/IIIb using the Euro stage guidelines. Cardiac involvement defined by NT-proBNP > 332 pg/mL was reported in 37 patients (92.5%). A total of 8 patients (20.0%) were classified as renal stage III, and renal involvement defined by 24-h urine protein > 500 mg was observed in 22 patients (55.0%). The details are provided in Table 1 .
Table 1
Characteristics at the time of diagnosis of AL amyloidosis and daratumumab monotherapy
CI confidence interval, NT-proBNP N-Terminal Pro-B-Type natriuretic peptide, dFLC difference in involved and uninvolved serum free light chains a NT-proBNP > 332 pg/mL, b proteinuria > 0.5 g/day
| N (%) | |
| At diagnosis | |
| Age (median, range) | 61 (36–83) |
| Sex | |
| Male/Female | 24 (60.0)/16 (40.0) |
| Heavy-chain subtype | |
| IgG/IgA/Light-chain only/IgD | 8 (20.0)/9 (22.5)/22 (55.0)/1 (2.5) |
| Light-chain subtype | |
| Kappa/Lambda | 11 (27.5)/29 (72.5) |
| Bone marrow plasma cell% (median, Q1—Q3) | 10.6% (6.75 – 20.0) |
| Key cytogenetics | |
| t(11;14) | 6/28 (21.4) |
| Gain (1q) | 5/32 (15.6) |
| Prior line of therapy (median, range) | 3 (1–6) |
| Prior exposures | |
| Bortezomib | 39 (97.5) |
| Ixazomib | 3 (7.5) |
| Carfilzomib | 2 (5.0) |
| Thalidomide | 7 (17.5) |
| Lenalidomide | 30 (75.0) |
| Pomalidomide | 17 (42.5) |
| Cyclophosphamide | 15 (37.5) |
| Melphalan | 13 (32.5) |
| Daratumumab | 0 (0.0) |
| Autologous stem cell transplantation | 12 (30.0) |
| At daratumumab initiation | |
| Age (median, range) | 67 (48–83) |
| Interval between diagnosis and daratumumab treatment (median, 95% CI) | 42.3 months (26.2–58.4) |
| Mayo 2012 stage | |
| I/II | 9 (22.5) |
| III | 16 (40.0) |
| IV | 15 (37.5) |
| Mayo 2004 stage with European modification | |
| I/II | 8 (20.0) |
| IIIa | 19 (47.5) |
| IIIb | 13 (32.5) |
| Renal stage | |
| I/II | 32 (80.0) |
| III | 8 (20.0) |
| Cardiac involvement a | 37 (92.5) |
| Renal involvement b | 22 (55.0) |
| Median dFLC (Q1 – Q3) | 219 (128.5–492.5) |
Efficacy and safety
The overall hematologic response rate was 72.5% (29/40), including 9 very good partial responses (VGPRs) and 15 complete responses (CRs) (Fig. 1 A). The median time to response was 29 days (range, 13–117). Patients with Euro stage I/II/IIIa had a significantly higher likelihood of achieving CR/VGPR compared with those with stage IIIb (20/27 [74.1%] vs. 4/13 [30.8%], p = 0.009). A similar trend was observed when Mayo 2012 stage I/II/III were compared with stage IV; however, this difference did not reach statistical significance (68.0% vs. 46.7%, p = 0.182) (Fig. 1 B). Measurable cardiac disease defined as NT-proBNP > 650 pg/mL was observed in 33 patients, and the overall cardiac response rate was 42.4% (14/33), including 4 VGPRs and 2 CRs (Fig. 1 C). The median time to cardiac response was 92 days (range, 27–887). Both Mayo 2012 stage and Euro stage classified diseases were associated with cardiac response (Fig. 1 D). Among 22 patients with renal involvement, 9 patients (40.9%) demonstrated a renal response. As expected, patients who demonstrated a deep hematologic response including CR or VGPR, were more likely to achieve a cardiac response (13/18 [72.2%] in hematologic responders vs. 1/15 [6.7%] in non-responders, p < 0.001). However, a deep hematologic response was not associated with renal response ( p = 0.779).
The final data cutoff date was November 30, 2025 and the median follow-up was 26.9 months. The estimated median PFS was 21.9 months (95% CI, 10.0–33.8). Patients who demonstrated deep hematologic responses (CR or VGPR) had significantly prolonged PFS compared with those with partial response (PR) or no response (NR) (30.5 months vs. 3.9 months, p < 0.001) (Fig. 2 A). Median PFS was 21.9 months for patients who achieved VGPR and 30.5 months for those who achieved CR. Although the median PFS appeared longer in patients with CR, the difference was not statistically significant, which is possibly due to a small sample size. Likewise, patients who showed a cardiac response had markedly longer PFS compared with non-responders (38.8 months vs. 5.3 months, p = 0.001) (Fig. 2 B). None of the staging systems at the time of daratumumab initiation including the Mayo 2012 (26.8 months vs. 5.9 months, p = 0.220), Euro (26.8 months vs. 5.3 months, p = 0.123), or renal staging systems (26.8 months vs. 5.3 months, p = 0.085) were predictive of prolonged PFS, although numerically longer PFS was observed in patients with early-stage disease compared with those with advanced-stage disease (stage IV by Mayo 2012 or stage IIIb by Euro).
![Fig. 2 A Survival curves for PFS based on hematologic response [CR or VGPR (median, 30.5 months) vs. PR or NR (median, 3.9 months), p < 0.001] (Fig. 1 A); B survival curves for PF…](/library/612912/assets/354215e7d8129b08cfa993a58018f2460ea421aefe725f6304ca263e558ffce4.webp/)
The median durations of hematologic and cardiac response were 26.2 months (95% CI, 19.4–33.0) and 27.8 months (95% CI, 10.6–45.0), respectively (Fig. 3 A).
A total of 17 deaths were recorded: 9 due to worsening amyloidosis, 2 due to septic shock, 1 unrelated to treatment, and 5 due to unknown causes (follow-up losses). Among the 10 patients who died within 6 months after treatment initiation, all (100.0%) had Mayo stage III/IV disease, and 9 patients (90.0%) had Euro stage IIIa/IIIb disease. None of the 10 patients demonstrated either a hematologic or a cardiac response. The median OS of the entire cohort was 30.9 months (95% CI, 11.9–49.9) and the 3-year OS rate was 46.0% (95% CI, 25.0 – 67.0%) (Fig. 3 B). As expected, the median OS for those who had progressive disease to daratumumab treatment were only 5.9 months (95% CI, 4.0–7.8).
No significant differences were observed in response rates, PFS, and OS according to abnormal cytogenetics including t(11;14) and gain(1q) (Data not shown).
Daratumumab monotherapy was generally well tolerated. Three patients experienced grade 3–4 hematologic AEs (two thrombocytopenia and one neutropenia), and one patient, who had undergone autologous stem cell transplantation 4 years prior to initiating daratumumab, developed acute myeloid leukemia. Eight patients experienced grade 3–4 non-hematologic AEs (two cases of pneumonia, two cases of COVID-19 pneumonia, one cholangitis, one gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding event, one acute kidney injury (AKI), and one case of liver enzyme elevation). Among these, the GI bleeding, AKI, and liver enzyme elevation were likely attributable to AL amyloidosis. Due to these adverse events, 11 patients experienced treatment delays, and 1 patient permanently discontinued treatment because of AKI that developed after the single administration of daratumumab monotherapy.
Discussion
The current study describes the efficacy and safety of daratumumab monotherapy in 40 patients with relapsed AL amyloidosis. Despite the fact that a large proportion of patients had advanced disease with significant cardiac involvement at the time of treatment (80% were stage IIIa/IIIb according to the Mayo 2004 staging system with European modification) and were heavily pretreated (median prior lines of therapy: 3), daratumumab monotherapy achieved an overall hematologic response rate of 72.5% and a cardiac response rate of 42.4%. Treatment was generally well tolerated.
The primary pathophysiology of AL amyloidosis is the deposition of amyloid fibrils in vital organs such as the heart, kidneys, and nervous system, leading to organ dysfunction and ultimately death. Attempts to remove amyloid fibrils have largely been unsuccessful [ 16 , 17 ]. Therefore, the current standard treatment strategies focus on targeting light chain–producing plasma cells, with therapeutic approaches largely adopted from those used in MM. However, as several agents widely used in the treatment of MM are poorly tolerated in patients with AL amyloidosis, caution is warranted. For example, although lenalidomide has demonstrated efficacy and safety in MM, it frequently causes fluid retention and cardiac and renal dysfunction resulting in limited tolerability in patients with AL amyloidosis [ 18 , 19 ]. In a phase I study of carfilzomib plus dexamethasone in relapsed AL amyloidosis, significant fatigue, GI toxicity, and cardiac events were frequently observed, which limited dose escalation to a maximum of 36 mg/m 2 which is considerably lower than the standard dose used in MM [ 20 ]. Therefore, even agents that have demonstrated excellent efficacy in MM may exhibit a distinct safety profile in patients with AL amyloidosis due to concomitant organ dysfunction, underscoring the need to consider both efficacy and safety when selecting therapeutic agents for this population.
Daratumumab is a cornerstone of MM treatment and has also been rapidly adopted for the treatment of AL amyloidosis owing to its favorable efficacy and safety profile. Moreover, following its marked success in front-line clinical trials [ 3 ], most contemporary guidelines now recommend adding daratumumab as a first-line treatment regimen [ 21 , 22 ]. Evidence from prospective [ 5 , 6 ] and retrospective studies [ 7 – 10 ] suggests daratumumab monotherapy as a strongly recommended treatment in daratumumab-naïve patients. Notably, across these trials, daratumumab at 16 mg/kg which is the standard dose used in MM treatment was generally well tolerated, and was associated with a low incidence of adverse events. Key outcomes of these trials are summarized in Table 2 .
Table 2
Comparison of studies of daratumumab monotherapy for relapsed AL amyloidosis
LOT line of therapy, ND not described, NR not reached, PR partial response, VGPR very good partial response, CR complete response, PFS progression-free survival, OS overall survival
| Authors | Design | N | Median prior LOT | Mayo 2012 III/IV | Euro IIIa/IIIb | Median follow-up (months) | Hem response (PR/VGPR/CR) | Median time to response | Cardiac response | Median PFS (months) | Median OS (months) |
| Roussel [ 5 ] | Phase II | 40 | 3 | ND | 47.5%/0% | 26.4 | 7.5%/40%/7.5% | 1 week | 25% | 24.8 | 2 yr 74.2% |
| Sanchorawala [ 6 ] | Phase II | 22 | 2 | ND | ND | ND | 4%/45%/41% | 4 weeks | 50% | 28 | ND |
| Abeykoon [ 7 ] | Retrospective | 22 | 3 | 55% | 50% | 7.7 | 0%/64%/14% | 2.6 months | 43% | 10mo. 100% | 10mo. 100% |
| Shragai [ 8 ] | Retrospective | 49 | 1 | 67% | ND | 12.4 | 17%/64%/0% | 2 months | 74% | 28.4 | 2 yr 90.4% |
| Li [ 9 ] | Retrospective | 82 | 3 | 23.1% | 31.7% | 13 | 8.5%/30.5%/54.9% | 1 months | 40% | NR | NR |
| Lecumberri [ 10 ] | Retrospective | 38 | 2 | 57.9% | ND | 10 | 8.3%/36.1%/27.8% | 2 weeks | 37% | 12mo 59% | 12mo 52% |
| Current study | Retrospective | 40 | 3 | 77.5% | 80.0% | 26.9 | 12.5%/22.5%/37.5% | 29 days | 42.4% | 21.9 | 30.9 |
Although daratumumab-based therapy is strongly recommended as a front-line setting and most patients, where available, received daratumumab for AL amyloidosis, a subset of patients may still experience a disease relapse without prior exposure to daratumumab due to various clinical or logistical factors. Moreover, in many regions, daratumumab is not accessible as part of first-line therapy. Therefore, daratumumab treatment plays an important role in the management of relapsed AL amyloidosis. In addition, given the favorable efficacy and safety of daratumumab re-treatment demonstrated in MM [ 23 , 24 ], it might also be a viable salvage re-treatment option [ 25 ]. Owing to their successful treatment in MM, T-cell–redirecting therapies are being actively investigated in AL amyloidosis [ 26 , 27 ], and ongoing prospective trials will help clarify their roles in future treatment strategy.
Although daratumumab has been shown to overcome poor outcomes from some adverse cytogenetics [ 28 ], we could not capture any significant findings probably due to small numbers of patients.
Despite limitations related to a relatively small number of patients, the single-center setting, and the retrospective nature of the study, a key strength is the inclusion of patients who were administered uniform treatment and supportive care and were followed over a relatively long duration. Furthermore, although early death was frequently observed within 6 months, this likely indicated that in our cohort a higher proportion of patients had advanced-stage disease compared with previous studies, which is consistent with findings reported in frontline trials [ 3 ].
Taken together, our findings suggest that daratumumab monotherapy provides rapid and durable responses and is generally well tolerated in patients with relapsed AL amyloidosis. Nevertheless, patients with advanced-stage disease experienced inferior outcomes and frequent early mortality, highlighting a significant unmet medical need in this subgroup.
Authors’ contributions
Jun Ho Yi and Kihyun Kim conceived and designed the study. Jun Ho Yi analyzed and interpreted the data and drafted the manuscript. Sang Eun Yoon, Seok Jin Kim, Darae Kim, Jin-oh Choi, Ju-Hong Min, Byoung Joon Kim, Jung-Sun Kim, Jung Eun Lee, Junseok Jeon, and Joon Young Choi contributed to data acquisition, data interpretation, and critical revision of the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Data availability
Data used in the article is available from the corresponding author in case of reasonable request.
Declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Footnotes
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
References
1. Merlini G, Dispenzieri A, Sanchorawala V, Schönland SO, Palladini G, Hawkins PN, et al. Systemic immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4(1):38.
2. Lousada I, Comenzo RL, Landau H, Guthrie S, Merlini G. Light chain amyloidosis: patient experience survey from the Amyloidosis Research Consortium. Adv Ther. 2015;32(10):920–8.
3. Kastritis E, Palladini G, Minnema MC, Wechalekar AD, Jaccard A, Lee HC, et al. Daratumumab-based treatment for immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(1):46–58.
4. Minnema MC, Dispenzieri A, Merlini G, Comenzo RL, Kastritis E, Wechalekar AD, et al. Outcomes by Cardiac Stage in Patients With Newly Diagnosed AL Amyloidosis: Phase 3 ANDROMEDA Trial. JACC CardioOncology. 2022;4(4):474–87.
5. Roussel M, Merlini G, Chevret S, Arnulf B, Stoppa AM, Perrot A, et al. A prospective phase 2 trial of daratumumab in patients with previously treated systemic light-chain amyloidosis. Blood. 2020;135(18):1531–40.
6. Sanchorawala V, Sarosiek S, Schulman A, Mistark M, Migre ME, Cruz R, et al. Safety, tolerability, and response rates of daratumumab in relapsed AL amyloidosis: results of a phase 2 study. Blood. 2020;135(18):1541–7.
7. Abeykoon JP, Zanwar S, Dispenzieri A, Gertz MA, Leung N, Kourelis T, et al. Daratumumab-based therapy in patients with heavily-pretreated AL amyloidosis. Leukemia. 2019;33(2):531–6.
8. Shragai T, Gatt M, Lavie N, Vaxman I, Tadmor T, Rouvio O, et al. Daratumumab for relapsed AL amyloidosis-when cumulative real-world data precedes clinical trials: a multisite study and systematic literature review. Eur J Haematol. 2021;106(2):184–95.
9. Li Z, Guo J, Chen W, Zhao L, Ren G, Huang X. Serum free light chain level-based and non-fixed cycle daratumumab treatment strategy for patients with light chain amyloidosis. Ann Med. 2025;57(1):2442075.
10. Lecumberri R, Krsnik I, Askari E, Sirvent M, González-Pérez MS, Escalante F, et al. Treatment with daratumumab in patients with relapsed/refractory AL amyloidosis: a multicentric retrospective study and review of the literature. Amyloid. 2020;27(3):163–7.
11. Kumar S, Dispenzieri A, Lacy MQ, Hayman SR, Buadi FK, Colby C, et al. Revised prognostic staging system for light chain amyloidosis incorporating cardiac biomarkers and serum free light chain measurements. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(9):989–95.
12. Palladini G, Sachchithanantham S, Milani P, Gillmore J, Foli A, Lachmann H, et al. A European collaborative study of cyclophosphamide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone in upfront treatment of systemic AL amyloidosis. Blood. 2015;126(5):612–5.
13. Palladini G, Hegenbart U, Milani P, Kimmich C, Foli A, Ho AD, et al. A staging system for renal outcome and early markers of renal response to chemotherapy in AL amyloidosis. Blood. 2014;124(15):2325–32.
14. Comenzo RL, Reece D, Palladini G, Seldin D, Sanchorawala V, Landau H, et al. Consensus guidelines for the conduct and reporting of clinical trials in systemic light-chain amyloidosis. Leukemia. 2012;26(11):2317–25.
15. Muchtar E, Dispenzieri A, Wisniowski B, Palladini G, Milani P, Merlini G, et al. Graded cardiac response criteria for patients with systemic light chain amyloidosis. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41(7):1393–403.
16. Gertz MA, Cohen AD, Comenzo RL, Kastritis E, Landau HJ, Libby EN, et al. Birtamimab plus standard of care in light-chain amyloidosis: the phase 3 randomized placebo-controlled VITAL trial. Blood. 2023;142(14):1208–18.
17. Update on CARES Phase III clinical programme of anselamimab in light chain amyloidosis 2025. Available from: https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2025/update-on-anselamimab-in-al-amyloidosis.html .
18. Specter R, Sanchorawala V, Seldin DC, Shelton A, Fennessey S, Finn KT, et al. Kidney dysfunction during lenalidomide treatment for AL amyloidosis. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2011;26(3):881–6.
19. Tapan U, Seldin DC, Finn KT, Fennessey S, Shelton A, Zeldis JB, et al. Increases in B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) during treatment with lenalidomide in AL amyloidosis. Blood. 2010;116(23):5071–2.
20. Cohen AD, Scott EC, Liedtke M, Kaufman JL, Landau H, Vesole DH, et al. A phase I dose-escalation study of carfilzomib in patients with previously-treated systemic light-chain (AL) amyloidosis. Blood. 2014;124(21):4741.
21. Wechalekar AD, Cibeira MT, Gibbs SD, Jaccard A, Kumar S, Merlini G, et al. Guidelines for non-transplant chemotherapy for treatment of systemic AL amyloidosis: EHA-ISA working group. Amyloid. 2023;30(1):3–17.
22. Kumar SK, Callander NS, Adekola K, Anderson LD Jr., Baljevic M, Campagnaro E, et al. Systemic light chain amyloidosis, version 2.2023, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2023;21(1):67–81.
23. Girvan A, Yu J, Emechebe N, Kamalakar R, Luo Y. Real-world treatment patterns and outcomes of daratumumab retreatment in multiple myeloma in the United States. Blood. 2022;140(Supplement 1):5266–7.
24. Tan CRC, Rueda C, Shekarkhand T, Derkach A, Korde N, Maclachlan K, et al. Clinical outcomes of retreatment with daratumumab-based regimens in anti-CD38 refractory multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2024;42(16_suppl):7570.
25. Rosenbaum C, Liedtke M, Christos P, Kim H, Pogonowski K, Agudo N, et al. Daratumumab, Pomalidomide and Dexamethasone (DPd) in Relapsed/ Refractory Light Chain Amyloidosis Previously Exposed to Daratumumab. Blood. 2023;142:3402.
26. Lebel E, Asherie N, Kfir-Erenfeld S, Grisariu S, Avni B, Elias S, et al. Efficacy and safety of anti-B-cell maturation antigen chimeric antigen receptor T-cell for the treatment of relapsed and refractory AL amyloidosis. J Clin Oncol. 2025;43(17):2007–16.
27. Stalker M, Garfall A, Cohen A, Vogl DT, Djulbegovic M, Susanibar-Adaniya S, et al. Safety and efficacy of teclistamab in patients with relapsed or refractory AL amyloidosis. Eur J Haematol. 2025;114(3):443–7.
28. Kumar S, Dispenzieri A, Bhutani D, Gertz M, Wechalekar A, Palladini G, et al. Impact of cytogenetic abnormalities on treatment outcomes in patients with amyloid light-chain amyloidosis: subanalyses from the ANDROMEDA study. Amyloid. 2023;30(3):268–78.
Associated Data
Data Availability Statement
Data used in the article is available from the corresponding author in case of reasonable request.