DREAMER: Exploring Common Mechanisms of Adverse Drug Reactions and Disease Phenotypes through Network-Based Analysis.

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a major concern in clinical healthcare, significantly affecting patient safety and drug development. The need for a deeper understanding of ADR mechanisms is crucial for improving drug safety profiles in drug design and drug repurposing. This study introduces DREAMER (Drug adverse REAction Mechanism ExplaineR), a novel network-based method for exploring the mechanisms underlying adverse drug reactions and disease phenotypes at a molecular level by leveraging a comprehensive knowledge graph obtained from various datasets. By considering drugs and diseases that cause similar phenotypes, and investigating their commonalities regarding their impact on specific modules of the protein-protein interaction network, DREAMER can robustly identify protein sets associated with the biological mechanisms underlying ADRs and unravel the causal relationships that contribute to the observed clinical outcomes. Applying DREAMER to 649 ADRs, we identified proteins associated with the mechanism of action for 67 ADRs across multiple organ systems, e.g., ventricular arrhythmia, metabolic acidosis, and interstitial pneumonitis. In particular, DREAMER highlights the importance of GABAergic signaling and proteins of the coagulation pathways for personality disorders and intracranial hemorrhage, respectively. We further demonstrate the application of DREAMER in drug repurposing and propose sotalol (targeting KCNH2), ranolazine (targeting SCN5A, currently under clinical trial), and diltiazem (indicated drug targeting CACNA1C and SCN3A) as candidate drugs to be repurposed for cardiac arrest. In summary, DREAMER effectively detects molecular mechanisms underlying phenotypes emphasizing the importance of network-based analyses with integrative data for enhancing drug safety and accelerating the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies.