Разъяснения в многообразной миеломе: иммунная микроокружающая среда, механизмы борьбы с заболеваниями и терапевтические инновации
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Miyama T, Mihara K
Аннотация
Оригинал публикации
Insights into Multiple Myeloma: Immune Microenvironment, Disease Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Innovations
Multiple myeloma (MM) remains a hematologic malignancy characterized by progressive immune dysfunction and the emergence of therapeutic resistance despite substantial recent advances in treatment. The transition from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) to symptomatic MM is fundamentally driven by coordinated immune dysfunction across innate and adaptive compartments. Single-cell and spatial profiling technologies reveal that immune abnormalities emerge at precursor stages and intensify during progression, including T-cell exhaustion, expansion of regulatory T cells, natural killer cell dysfunction, and impaired antigen presentation by dendritic cells. The cancer immunoediting framework, encompassing elimination, equilibrium, and escape phases, provides a unifying paradigm for understanding tumor-immune coevolution in MM. Disease complexity is further compounded by pronounced spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Multi-region sequencing studies demonstrate anatomically distinct clonal architectures and immune microenvironments within individual patients, contributing to variable therapeutic responses and facilitating immune escape. Current immunotherapies, including immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies, and bispecific antibodies have transformed the therapeutic landscape of MM. Nevertheless, durable disease control remains limited by convergent resistance mechanisms, including antigen modulation, T-cell dysfunction, and persistent microenvironmental immunosuppression. A comprehensive understanding of the immune-mediated resistance mechanisms, extending beyond tumor-intrinsic genetic alterations, is essential for the rational design of next-generation therapies. Immune dysfunction is not merely a consequence of MM progression but represents a central and potentially targetable driver of disease evolution and treatment resistance.