Anemia in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury.

Anemia is often a complication following spinal cord injury which interferes with the patient's rehabilitation. Hematological profiles of 65 male patients with traumatic spinal cord injury revealed a 52.3% incidence of mild anemia. The age, duration or level of injury had no correlation with the incidence and type of anemia. The anemia was normocytic-normochromic in 32%, normocytic mild hypochromic in 56%, and microcytic hypochromic in 12% of the patients. Factors in pathogenesis included decubitus ulcers, urinary tract infections, acute and chronic blood loss, and folic acid deficiency due to psychosocial maladjustment, alcohol and/or drug abuse. Often, multiple factors were operative in changing proportions. The success of management depends on a careful assessment of causes and removal of inciting factors. The most common type of anemia was that due to chronic disorder, associated with either decubitus ulcers and/or urinary tract infections. Since this type of anemia mimics iron deficiency in presentation it should be differentiated from the latter by evaluation of iron status. Normal hemoglobin levels can be attained only after the chronic disorder is eliminated. Unpredictable fluctuations of hemoglobin level secondary to changes in plasma volume due to autonomic hyperreflexia are common in SCI patients, and should be taken into account for diagnosis and follow-up in therapy.