Research Progress in the Development of Vaccines Against Riemerella anatipestifer.

Riemerella anatipestifer (R. anatipestifer, RA) is a globally distributed pathogen responsible for duck serositis, an acute multisystemic disease whose infection leads to substantial economic impacts in duck production. There is currently no specific therapeutic drug available for effective treatment. Importantly, the severity of the disease is closely associated with multiple environmental factors, including feeding conditions, management practices, weather fluctuations, and air quality parameters. Furthermore, the prevalence of various serotypes is a matter of concern, and the emergence of multi-drug-resistant mutants through continuous use of various antibiotics is a major challenge. Recently, it has been reported that RA infects domestic ducks, turkeys, geese, wild birds and chicken, which leads to its remarkable influence on the healthy development of waterfowl breeding industry and even poultry breeding industry. Given these challenges, vaccination is essential for disease control. Various vaccine types are currently available, including but not limited to live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines and vector vaccines. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the development of vaccines for RA.