Amputation Surgery: Review of New and Emerging Techniques.

Major upper and lower extremity amputations are increasingly being performed for peripheral vascular disease, infectious etiologies, trauma, and oncologic purposes. Attention to technique and emerging treatments for the residual peripheral nerve is critical to prosthetic wear and quality of life following these life changing events. Here, we detail advancements in amputation surgery including targeted muscle reinnervation, regenerative peripheral nerve interface, and the use of osseointegrated implants.