Opioid analgesic use and its sequelae: Opioid and other substance use disorders.

OBJECTIVES

While use of opioids is a well-established risk factor for opioid use disorder (OUD), its association with lifetime use of other addictive substances and the emergence of other lifetime substance use disorders (SUDs) has not been studied.

METHODS

We used data from 36 309 US adults in the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III to identify those with lifetime opioid use (n = 4090; 11.3%). Of these individuals, we quantified use of other addictive substances; development of OUD and other SUDs; and whether use of opioids and development of OUD came before or after use of other substances and the emergence of other SUDs.

RESULTS

Of the 11.3% of adults who reported any opioid use, 98.2% of such users reported use of other addictive substances. Of these opioid users, 18.1% met criteria for lifetime OUD but only 3.5% had OUD alone; 47.6% had SUDs other than OUD and 14.6% had OUD plus another SUD. In most instances, opioid use followed use of other substances and OUD followed development of other SUDs.

CONCLUSION

Opioid use is typically linked to use of multiple substances and while less than 20% developed OUD, more than half developed either OUD or another SUD. Opioid use and OUD most often followed other substance use and the emergence of other SUDs. Early intervention in OUD should consider potential complications of other present or past SUDs, and both prevention and treatment development efforts should focus on the multi-morbid dimensions of the current opioid epidemic.