Orthopedic manifestations, complications, and outcomes for arthroplasty in patients with Parkinson disease.

Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the United States. Despite its rapid increase in prevalence over recent years, there remains a paucity of literature examining the optimal orthopedic management of populations affected by PD and the risk of complications. In this review, we provide insight into the pathophysiology, etiology, manifestations, and orthopedic management of PD, with an emphasis on adult reconstruction. Although limited outcome studies suggest that joint replacement may consistently offer improvement in pain, there is an increased risk of complications and reoperation, with significant functional improvement often being unpredictable.