TRB3 Promotes Cataract Progression through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-mediated Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cell Apoptosis.

Cataracts are characterized as a disease affecting lens opacity. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress can cause lens epithelial cell (LEC) dysfunction, affecting normal lens transparency and function, but the role of Tribbles 3 (TRB3), an inducible gene of ER stress, in cataracts is poorly understood. This study explored how TRB3 promotes cataract progression through ER stress. We administered a subcutaneous injection of sodium selenite at a dosage of 3.46 mg/kg to rats to create an animal model of cataracts. Additionally, we exposed rat LEC cells to 0.01 μM tunicamycin (TM) for 24 h to establish a cell model of ER stress. The detection of related genes and proteins was performed via RT‒qPCR and Western blot techniques. Flow cytometry, along with JC-1, TUNEL, and HE staining, was employed to assess damage to cells and lens tissues. This study revealed that TRB3 was abnormally highly expressed in both a cataract rat model and an ER stress cell model. Knocking down TRB3 has a similar effect as treatment with an ER stress inhibitor, effectively reversing the ER stress and apoptosis induced by TM. This effect includes increasing the mitochondrial membrane potential in LEC cells, lowering reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, increasing ATP production, suppressing the expression of the apoptosis-related proteins Bax and C-caspase-3, increasing Bcl-2 expression, and decreasing apoptosis. Furthermore, TRB3 knockdown improved the pathological conditions of rat lenses and inhibited mitochondrial dysfunction and cell apoptosis to relieve the development of cataracts in rats. Mechanistically, CHOP promotes the expression of TRB3 by binding to the TRB3 promoter, thereby activating ER stress, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and cell apoptosis in LEC cells and accelerating the development of cataracts. According to our findings, targeting TRB3 expression inhibition could emerge as a novel approach for cataract therapy.