Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia · 2026
A cross-sectional study for the quantification of waste and carbon footprint of antiglaucoma medical therapy in Spain: The real cost of preservative-free single-dose hypotensive drugs.
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González-Martín-Moro J, Altares-Mateos V, Zarallo-Gallardo J, Pascual-Prieto J
Аннотация
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The healthcare system is responsible for around 5% off global CO2 emissions. Glaucoma is one of the most common chronic diseases. The aim of this work is to quantify the ecological impact of anti-glaucoma medical therapy packaging in Spain, assessing its carbon footprint and waste generation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study analyzed the ecological impact of glaucoma medical treatment packaging. Packaging materials from 33 drug presentations were classified, and weighed. Their carbon footprint was calculated using emission factors from Ecoinvent v3.10. Drug presentations were classified as multi-dose or single-dose and the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the amount of waste and carbon footprint of each type.
RESULTS: The total amount of annual waste was more than 5 times higher in single-dose than in multi-dose treatments (median: 713.1; interquartile range [648.1-806.8] g vs. median: 136.5; interquartile range [118.3-153.9] g). The carbon footprint was 9 times higher with single-dose treatment than with multi-dose treatment (median: 2.23; interquartile range [1.77-2.49] kg CO2e vs. median: 0.24; interquartile range [0.20-0.28] kg CO2e) in multi-dose treatments.
CONCLUSIONS: The use of single-dose containers significantly increases plastic waste. The increase in carbon footprint is even higher due to plastic and aluminium content. Future studies should clarify their benefits to help balance ecological impact and patient safety.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study analyzed the ecological impact of glaucoma medical treatment packaging. Packaging materials from 33 drug presentations were classified, and weighed. Their carbon footprint was calculated using emission factors from Ecoinvent v3.10. Drug presentations were classified as multi-dose or single-dose and the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the amount of waste and carbon footprint of each type.
RESULTS: The total amount of annual waste was more than 5 times higher in single-dose than in multi-dose treatments (median: 713.1; interquartile range [648.1-806.8] g vs. median: 136.5; interquartile range [118.3-153.9] g). The carbon footprint was 9 times higher with single-dose treatment than with multi-dose treatment (median: 2.23; interquartile range [1.77-2.49] kg CO2e vs. median: 0.24; interquartile range [0.20-0.28] kg CO2e) in multi-dose treatments.
CONCLUSIONS: The use of single-dose containers significantly increases plastic waste. The increase in carbon footprint is even higher due to plastic and aluminium content. Future studies should clarify their benefits to help balance ecological impact and patient safety.