Paradoxical procedures and single-case methodology: review and recommendations.

Recently, paradoxical techniques have been increasingly employed by behavior therapists. The present paper: summarizes case study paradoxical investigations, reviews paradoxical procedures evaluated via intrasubject replication designs, and offers suggestions for continued use of single-case methodology in paradoxical research. Five major design strategies (reversal, time-series, multiple-baseline, simultaneous treatment and changing criterion) are discussed and examples provided within each area. Specific recommendations are made for a further merging of single-case experimental designs and paradoxical therapies.