NLRP3 inflammasome: From drug target to drug discovery.

The immune system employs innate and adaptive immunity to combat pathogens and stress stimuli. Innate immunity rapidly detects pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), whereas adaptive immunity mediates antigen-specific T/B cell responses. The NLRP3 inflammasome, a key cytoplasmic PRR, consists of leucine-rich repeat, nucleotide-binding, and pyrin domains. Its activation requires priming (signal 1: Toll-like receptors/NOD-like receptors/cytokine receptors) and activation (signal 2: PAMPs/DAMPs/particulates). NLRP3 triggers cytokine storms and neuroinflammation, contributing to inflammatory diseases. Emerging therapies target NLRP3 via nuclear receptors (transcriptional regulation), adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors (gene delivery), and microRNAs (post-transcriptional modulation). This review highlights NLRP3's signaling cascade, pathological roles, and combinatorial treatments leveraging nuclear receptors, AAVs, and microRNAs for immunomodulation.