Immunopathological mechanisms in autoimmune encephalitis: from pathogenesis to targeted therapies.

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an antibody-mediated brain disorder involving self-antibody-driven inflammation. Different subtypes present unique clinical and pathological features, influenced by variations in target antigens and underlying pathophysiological processes. Although the precise pathogenesis of each AE subtype remains incompletely understood, recent research has provided valuable insights into their immunopathological mechanisms. This article critically evaluates current discoveries regarding the immunobiology of diverse autoimmune encephalitis categories, elucidating their multifaceted etiological pathways. Furthermore, this review highlights the potential of targeted therapeutic interventions, and personalized treatment strategies, thereby facilitating the translation of mechanism discoveries into precision medicine.