Short- and Long-term Complications and Outcomes of Radiation and Surgically Induced Rectourethral Fistula Repair With Buccal Mucosa Graft and Muscle Interposition Flap.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze and report 30-day, 90-day, and long-term complications and surgical outcomes over a 17-year period for anterior transperineal repair of rectourethral fistulas (RUFs) resulting from pelvic radiation and surgery.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of patients undergoing RUF repair between January 1, 1998 and February 28, 2015, at a single institution. All RUF were repaired using an anterior transperineal approach with an interposition muscle flap and selective use of a buccal mucosa graft onlay.

RESULTS: Ninety-eight patients underwent repair with an anterior transperineal approach and muscle interposition flap (49 non-radiation induced and 49 radiation or ablation induced). Thirty- and 90-day complication rates were 29% and 2%, respectively, for non-radiated RUF, and 29% and 24%, respectively, for radiated RUF. Urethral diverticula, urinary incontinence, urethral stricture, and bowel problems were delayed complications requiring surgery. At a median follow-up of 14.5 months (range 3-144), 98% (48 of 49) of non-radiated RUF were closed with 1 procedure, whereas 86% (42 of 49) of radiated RUF were closed with 1 procedure. Gastrointestinal tract continuity was restored in 94% (45 of 48) of non-radiated RUF and in 65% (30 of 46) of radiated RUF.

CONCLUSION: Successful RUF closure is possible in 98% of non-radiated and in 86% of radiated or ablated patients with 1 procedure. Most radiation-induced RUF, regardless of size, can be successfully repaired with minimal short-term complications. Delayed complications may arise and require surgery, and thus continued surveillance is recommended.