Pancreatic stem cells: building blocks for a better surrogate islet to treat type 1 diabetes.

Type 1, insulin-dependent, diabetes is one of the more costly chronic diseases of children, adolescents and adults in Europe and North America. While routine insulin injections currently provide diabetic patients with their daily insulin requirements, blood glucose excursions are common, leading eventually to microvascular and macrovascular complications and early death. A 'cure' for Type 1 diabetes relies on replacement of the beta-cell mass which, today, is accomplished by pancreas transplants or islets of Langerhans implants. Recent advances in the isolation of stem cells that possess the capacity to differentiate to functional endocrine pancreas provide new opportunities to produce large numbers of islets, even autologous islets, that can be used as implants. We discuss briefly this new technology and its meaning for diabetes.