[Importance of water-soluble vitamins as regulatory factors of genetic expression].

Among nutrients, the role of water-soluble vitamins as genetic expression modulators has not been exhaustively stu-died. Relevant information is shown herein on the present state of the art in this field. For example, vitamin C deficiency leads to a decrease in mRNA levels of apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) in liver. Biotin participates in the regulation, both at mRNA and protein level, of the enzymes that participate in its own metabolic cycle and of enzymes that contribute to glucose metabolism. Thiamine regulates the expression of some genes that code for enzymes using thiamine diphosphate as cofactor. Thiamine deficiency diminishes the mRNA levels of transketolase and pyruvate dehydrogenase. It has been shown in riboflavin-deficient rats that FAD regulates some acetyl CoA dehydrogenases, producing a marked increase in mRNA levels. Nicotinamide positively regulates glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase when NADH is added. Vitamin B6 modulates the expression of a variety of genes that respond to hormones. Vitamin B12 increases concentrations of the enzymatic protein methionine synthetase and doe not affect mRNA levels, which implies that this protein is regulated by its cofactor post-transcriptionally. Most mechanisms involved in these regulation examples are not known, which opens new research areas for the future.