[In vitro and in vivo laboratory models for Orthopoxviruses (Poxviridae: Orthopoxvirus): current approaches, limitations, and future perspectives].

The article presents a review of modern experimental models used for the study of orthopoxvirus infections. The biological characteristics and pathogenesis of orthopoxviruses are discussed, including mechanisms of replication, immune evasion, and interspecies transmission. Particular attention is paid to the relevance of these studies in connection with the increasing incidence of zoonotic infections caused by monkeypox virus, camelpox virus, cowpox virus, and other representatives of the genus Orthopoxvirus. An analysis of current in vitro and in vivo models used to investigate viral pathogenesis, replication, evaluation of antiviral drugs, and vaccine development is provided. The cultural properties of various orthopoxviruses in Vero, RK-13, CV-1, HaCaT, and other cell lines are described. The advantages and limitations of models involving primates, mice, rabbits, prairie dogs, and alternative reservoir species are considered. It is shown that the combined use of in vitro and in vivo systems represents the most effective approach for studying orthopoxvirus infections, developing vaccines and antiviral agents, and assessing potential epidemiological risks.